The relationship between board diversity and firm performance

The relationship between board diversity and firm performance The Research Questions In the course of their research on the Demographic Diversity in the Boardroom, Miller and Triana sought to answers the questions bothering on the relationship between board diversity and firm performance using mediating variables reputation and innovation and how board diversity impact firm performance using mediating variables of innovation and reputation. Theoretical Framework Underpinning the Study There are two theories underpinning the study and these are: the Behavioural Theory and the Signaling Theory (Miller and Triana 2009). The behavioural theory as proposed by Cyert and March (cited in Miller and Triana, 2009) suggests that there is a direct correlation between the availability and use of information in a decision-making process and innovation in a groups decision. In other words, the more the information available, the better the decision making process will be which leads to creativity. Arthurs, Busenitz, Hoskisson and Johnson (2008) view signaling as a way of bringing to notice the innate worth or value of a firm and that any signal must be noticeable and hard to emulate or replicate. The Signaling Theory posits that firms use visible signals to gain reputation and status among the public (Miller and Triana 2009: 756). Methodology In testing their hypotheses, Miller and Triana presented three sets of variables: independent variables, dependent variables and control variables. The independent variables which were board diversity, innovation and firm reputation were investigated using Blaus index (1977) of heterogeneity, Research and development expenses as proxies and 2004 Fortune Corporate Reputation Survey accordingly. The dependent variable; Firm Performance was measured using and Return on investment and Return on sales and finally, Control variables which as key components were vital to the research and they were firm age, liquidity, size, product and international diversification. The research explored the empirical link between these variables and four hundred and thirty two Fortune 500 firms which were selected in investigating innovation as mediating factor between board diversity and firm performance and also three hundred and twenty six Fortune 1000 firms which were selected to investigate reputation as mediating factor between board diversity and firm performance. The result from the test of the various hypotheses was then analysed using the Least Squares (OLS) Regression (pg 768). The methods of research were disputable and therefore open to further research due to two noticeable reasons. First, the inconsistency and ambiguity in the selected year of assessment. The research explored the empirical linkage of board diversity, reputation, innovation, and performance (pg 765) but did not specify a year or period of assessment for which they gathered their data. Example, sample of firms selected were for year 2003, measurement of board diversity was for year 2002, measurement of innovation using research and development expenses were for year 2003, measurement of reputation were for 2003 and finally firm performance is measured in 2005, lagged two years to allow time for mediating effects of reputation and innovation to occur (pg 767). The effect of this inconsistency is that it would be difficult to know the accuracy of result arrived at. Rather it would have been a lot of easier if the various data gathered were being assessed for a period of time e.g. data betw een years 2002 and 2005 to ensure uniformity in the assessment. Secondly the sample of Fortune 500 firms chosen were because these firms represent leaders in their industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.had external reports listing the race of board members as a way of validating data (pg 765) but no mention was made on a report of gender of board members. Result The answer to question bothering on the relationship between board diversity and firm performance using mediating variables reputation and innovation was striking as the authors were of the opinion that increasing diversity on the board leads to more varied ideas, perspectives and networks (Miller and Triana 2009:764). In other words, in a multitude of opinions as a result of diversity, cogent and innovative ideas usually emanate. This view is supported by Hillman, Cannella and Harris (2001) where they reasoned that each director is unique and different and when all their skills and proficiencies are put together, various ideas spring forth which could enhance firms performance. However, Adams and Ferreira (2008:305) argue that the more dissimilar directors are, the more they could disagree and the more conflict there could be on the board which could eventually impede firms performance. The result for the question on how board diversity impact firm performance using mediating variables: innovation and reputation proved arguable as the authors posits having a gender and racially diverse board signals that the firm is well positioned to meet the needs of a diverse market (Miller and Triana 2009: 762) but from the test of their hypotheses, it was discovered that there was no correlation between gender diversity and reputation (pg 775). This could have been as a result of the method of research which could have led to a biased opinion. Dalton and Dalton (2010) observed that there has been a lot of criticism and reservation due to the presence and achievement of women on Fortune 500 boards. This shows that generally the opinion that women can hold positions of top management is still not been accepted by multitudes. However, Krishnan and Park (2004) argued that the presence of women as leaders is usually appreciated in an environment that calls for a lot public relations and that they are able to break grounds in an otherwise impossible situation due the emotional side of their personality which results in them working with a lot of passion. Conclusion The research was interesting as it provided the first empirical analysis of the correlation between boardroom diversity and firm performance using innovation and reputation as mediators. However, the research involved the use of secondary data i.e. data collected by someone else and most likely be subject to sample limitations (Anonymous 2008). This could infer that data collected were collated originally for a different purpose and therefore be biased. Also the research highlights that diversity using mediating factors innovation and reputation has benefits as Cox and Blake (1991:45) reasoned that a well managed, diverse workforce (board) holds potential competitive advantages for organizations but for it to be fruitful and effective, it comes with a price and firms have to be able to look at their structures and be guided in their cultural needs; either gender or racial and be able to discern between what is needful or unnecessary as Slater, Weigand and Zwirlein (2008) argued that achieving productive diversity is not easy and that diversity if not managed properly usually leads to a high level of turnover. Therefore, based on all the information gathered and analysis carried out, would it be ideal to say that board diversity positively impacts firm performance?

Republic Act Essay

SECTION II: POLICY It is the policy of the state, consistent with the Constitution to promote the general welfare, to safeguard the interest of the in and out of school youth and the entire young populace. For this purpose, the government shall institute a balance policy whereby the use of technology such as internet cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s videogame shops and the likes, be regulated in order to promote education and preserve the culture of Filipinos and at the same time ensure that the interest of business and stakeholder are not adversely compromised. SECTION III: PURPOSE It is the main thrust of this Act to: A. Prevent minors especially the student from hanging out at some Internet cafà ©s and videogame shop/centers and other related establishments thereby promoting the sphere of education; B. Prevent the youth from excessively playing videogames thereby shielding them from becoming video game addict which cause the commission of crime by reason of desperation for money to feed their habit; C. Protect the minor for being the object of sexual exploration by paedophiles, foreign or local; SECTION IV: DEFINITION OF TERMS As used in this Act, the following shall mean: A.PERSON- refers to an individual, partnership, corporation or any other business or legal entity; B.MINOR- refers to a person below 18 years old. C.INTERNET- refers to the worldwide system of computer networks in which a user at any computer can directly get information from any other computer in the network. D.INTERNET CAFÉ- a place of business that has a number of networked personal computers with access to the internet for surfing, chatting, e-mailing and research this is available for use by customers for fee by the hour of fraction of an hour. The business establishment may or may not be serving coffee, and/or similar beverages. Also included are cyber cafà ©, arcades, and lounges. E.COMPUTER RENTAL SHOP- refers to a business establishment with two (2) or more computer units that offers internet service, typing, printing services and gaming shop center. F.COMPUTER GAMING SHOP OR CENTER- refers to a establishment with two or more computers connected on a local area network that exclusively offers either online games (connected to the internet) or LAN games (not connected to the internet). G.SCHOOL DAYS- refers to the regular working days of the week, Monday to Friday exclusive legal and special holidays. SECTION V: PHOHIBITED ACTS The owner/proprietor/manager/attendant of internet cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s or computer rental shops/computer gaming shop or center shall be strictly prohibited from admitting or allowing minors, during school hours and school days to: a) Enter into such establishment, b) Use the computer facilities in such establishments. It shall not be a defence for the owner, proprietor, manage, partner and attendant that he/she did not know or was not aware of the real of the minor. Neither shall it be a defence that he/she did not know nor any reason to believe that the minor is the one using the computer is an instance accompanied by an adult. If said establishment is owned by partnership or corporation, the managing partner, or the president of the corporation shall be jointly held criminally liable as conspirator with the person admitting or allowing such a minor. SECTION VI: AUTHORIZED RESEARCH/ACTIVITY FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES A. Any establishment mentioned above allowing minor to enter said establishment during school days for purposes of research shall not be covered by this Act, provide that the minor shall carry a school identification and clearance or permit signed by the principal or teacher in charge concerned to be presented to said establishment otherwise admission refusal is a must. B. For minors belongs to the out-of school youth or those who does not have school identification, they may enter and use the computer facilities provide it is not within or during school hours and with the written approval from from their parents. SECTION VII: PRESUMPTION OF ADMISSION Unless proven otherwise, minors found inside such establishments is prima facie proof that the owner, management, partner, attendant has consented or permitted entry thereof. SECTION VIII: DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OWNERSHIP, PROPRIETOR, MANAGEMENT OF INTERNET CAFES OR COMPUTER RENTAL SHOP/COMPUTER GAMING SHOP CENTER Owners, proprietor/management and attendants of internet cafes or computer rental shop/computer gaming shop are required to perform and undertake the following measure in their operation: a. Ensure strictly that no person below majority age enters the said establishment during school days and school hours; b. Ensure strictly that no person below majority age uses a computer in the said establishment during school days and school hours; c. Permanently post a signage outside and inside the establishment showing the following statement in a clear and conspicuous manner: OFF-LIMITS TO MINORS. SECTION IX: POOF OF AGE VERIFICATION In case of doubt as to the age of the client/costumer, the owner, manager or attendants shall verify, by means of any valid form of photographic identification containing the date of birth of the bearer otherwise refuse admission so as to ensure that no person below the age of majority enters the said establishment. SECTION X: REGULAR INSPECTION and POLICE VISIBILITY Philippine National Police in the locality shall conduct regular inspection and police visibility in the above mention establishment during their business hours to ensure compliance with this Act and make a semi-annual written report to the DSWD and NYC in the area. SECTION XI: PENALTIES The following are the penalties for the violation of any provision of this Act: a) For 1st offense- a fine of P50,000 for violation of any of the provision of this Act; b) For 2nd offense- fine of P100,000 and/or revocation of business permit and licence to operate, and closure of the establishment or both at the discretion of the court. SECTION XII: IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATION The DSWD in coordination with the National Youth Commission shall formulate the necessary implementing rules and regulations for the efficient implementation of this Act. SECTION XII: SEPARABILITY CLAUSE Should any section or provision of this Act be declared as unconstitutional or invalid, other provisions which are not affected thereby shall continue to be in full force and effect.

Censorship in Todayrs World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2786 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Censorship Essay Did you like this example? In Ray Bradburyrs Fahrenheit 451, the society in which people live is full of censorship. He writes about a how all books are burned because the people decided that knowledge brings pain. In the first hard-cover edition for the book, Neil Gaiman wrote the Introduction (xi) in which he commented that Fahrenheit 451 should be taken as a warning and reminder that freedom of speech needs to be valued and not taken granted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Censorship in Todayrs World" essay for you Create order Censorship is a tool used today by governments across the world to control or stop people who say or write anything that challenges the governmentrs assumptions. Freedom of speech allows people to speak openly and have their thoughts and opinions heard without fearing punishment by others who do not agree. The Founding Fathers of the United States of America felt so strongly about this issue that they made freedom of speech the first of the Amendments to the Constitution. In Ray Bradburyrs Fahrenheit 451, and in the world today, censorship works on the perception that some ideas are dangerous and must be stopped; however, the ideal is to have the decision left to the individual and not the government. To begin, there are different ways to ban books or online content. Most governments have a review process that controls what books people read or what online content they access. In an article written in Censorship.Laws.com, censorship in America is defined as the act of altering, adjusting, editing, or banning of any or all media resulting from the presumption that its content is perceived to be objectionable, incendiary, illicit, or immoral by the Federal Government of the United States. In AZ Quotes.com, it is noted that Thomas Jefferson said the following: Censorship represents a tyranny over the mind and is harmful wherever it occurs. People can experience censorship in various areas of life; for example, politics, religion, the internet, and the news to name a few. The freedom to read is necessary to the way of life in free countries; however, this freedom is being attacked. Private groups and public authorities throughout the world are working to remove certain books from publ ic schools while also trying to silence magazines and newspapers when the government feels the information is not in support of their ideology. When people are prevented from reading materials it prevents those with inquiring minds from seeking the truth, stretching their mental stimulation, and becoming critical thinkers. In ThoughtCo.com, an article was written on August 4, 2018 about how schools can bypass lengthy procedures for banning books by simply electing not to buy questionable books in the first place. The article further stated that because of witchcraft themes in two Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, an elementary school in Florida elected not to stock these books. It was noted that the Principal explained they did not buy these books because they expected complaints if the children read these books. The article cites that Mark Twainrs Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is fourth on the list of 50 books banned in the United States because of the use of the use of a racial slur (N-word). The other 49 books banned in the United States are posted in The New York Times. The First Amendment provides some degree of protection for academic freedom, which is an essential element of a democratic society. For example, in 1957 in Sweezy v. New Hampshire, the Court declared: The essentiality of freedom in the community of American universities is almost self-evident. No one should underestimate the vital role in a democracy that is played by those who guide and train our youth. To impose any strait jacket upon the intellectual leaders in our colleges and universities would imperil the future of our Nation. Teachers and students must always remain free to inqui re, to study and to evaluate, to gain new maturity and understanding; otherwise, our civilization will stagnate and die. In an article written in the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) in June 2016, it stated that colleges and universities needed to be protected by the First Amendment to allow teachers the academic freedom to address their students questions, the study of materials and sources, and teaching. It further stated that there needed to be meaningful discussions between teachers and students without the government discouraging or stopping them. In another article written by The New York Times on October 1, 2018 it was reported that since 2014 the government of Kuwait has banned over 4,000 books. This action resulted in its citizens organizing demonstrations to show their displeasure with their government. It seems that even encyclopedias and childrenrs books are not exempt from being targeted for censorship. An encyclopedia with a picture of Michelangelors David and a Disney version of The Little Mermaid were banned because David had no fig leaf to cover his body, and the mermaid wore half a bikini. This was considered promiscuous. In an article written by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) on September 24, 2018 it was reported that China shut down thousands of websites and online accounts citing the online material was spreading improper values, vulgarity or obscenity and the government felt this type of information was considered harmful for the people In Bradburyrs Fahrenheit 451 (79), Faber explained to Montag t hat books like the Bible were important because they had quality, texture, pores and features. Faber further explained that the more pores a book has, the more truthfully recorded details of life can get on paper and that would make people literary. Montag explains to Montag that is the reason why books are hated and feared. Next, some governments try to drive peoplers thoughts and beliefs and prevent free press. In an article written in The Huffington Post on April 25, 2017, it was cited that North Korea is one of the most heavily censored countries in the world. North Korears leader, Kim Jong Un has complete control in of the information that is communicated to the public. The media in this country is owned solely by the government and the official Central Korean News Agency conveys the opinions of the government. In the U.S. Department of Staters website, it notes there are no independent media in North Korea and no deviation from the official government line is tolerated. The government does not allow any editorial freedom and all stories are centrally directed and reviewed to ensure that they are in line with the governmentrs ideology. The government also controls its citizens academic and cultural content and takes steps to block radio broadcasts outside of North Korea. The government also modifies television and radio equipment to prevent users from accessing foreign material and other material the government deems illegal. The North Korean government imposes harsh punishments for anyone accused of accessing uncensored information or sharing news from countries that it considers its enemies. In an article in Radio Free Asia dated March 16, 2014 it reports that the North Korean government wants its citizens to be blind and does not want its citizens to be offered alternative knowledge to the narrative the government has given them. Their goal is not to inform, but to indoctrinate and control common people, to explain to them what they should think about the world. In Bradburyrs Fahrenheit 451 (80), Faber tells Montag that the television is real, and messages rush in quickly with their conclusions that people do not have time to protest. A CNN article dated December 29, 2016 reported that news rarely leaks from North Koreas authoritarian state; however, stories of Kims brutal executions have sometimes filtered out over the past five years. It was cited that Kim Jong Un came to power in 2011 and since then he has ordered 340 people be executed to tighten his hold on power. North Korea is strictly controlled by the state to the point where citizens are unable or nearly unable to get a hold on books or other forms of art produced outside the country. This is because the North Korean government does not want its citizens to be offered alternative knowledge to the account the government has given them. In Bradburyrs Fahrenheit 451 (102), Captain Beatty quotes Alexander Pope: A little learning is a dangerous thing. Drink deep or taste not the Pierian spring; There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain and drinking largely sobers us again. What this means is that when people begin to learn, they become thirsty for more information and become more aware in the process to challenge what is being said to them. The North Korean government is like the government in Fahrenheit 451 because both governments do not want to expose its citizens to information that contradicts their ideology. Lastly, the news has reported over the years that journalists have been suppressed, kidnapped, and at times murdered, for reporting stories that were not complimentary about their government. Thomas Jefferson was quoted as saying Our liberty depends on the freedom of press, and that cannot be limited without being lost. Most recently a journalist for The Washington Post was murdered for speaking out against the Saudi government while a CNN journalistrs White House press pass was taken from him because he asked questions that the President of the United States deemed inappropriate. President Trump has gone as far as labeling the news media as fake news and the enemy of the American people. As a result of the White House taking away a CNN journalistrs press pass, CNN filed a lawsuit against the Trump Administration citing the White Housers action violated CNN and their journalistrs First Amendment rights of freedom of the press, and their Fifth Amendment rights to due process. CNN felt that if this action was left unchallenged it could negatively affect other journalists who cover elected officials. Protect Democracy and The Yale Law School Media Freedom of Information and Access Clinic also filed a lawsuit on behalf of PEN America (a leading organization of writers and literary professionals) against President Trump for violating the First Amendment rights of journalists by using government powers to punish the speech of his media critics. PEN alleges that President Trump has used, or threatened to use, the regulatory and enforcement powers of government to punish the speech of journalists in at least four ways: initiating a government review to raise postal rates; directing DOJ enforcement actions; interfering with White House press access; and threatening to revoke broadcast licenses. In the end, the CNN journalistrs press pass was restored; however, the White House threatened to establish rules of conduct for journalist. In Bradburyrs Fahrenheit 451 (58), Captain Beatty tells Montag: If you dont want a man unhappy politically, dont give him two sides to a question to worry him; give him one. Better yet, give him none. Let him forget there is such a thing as war. He further says: Cram them full of non-combustible data, chock them so damned full of ?facts they feel stuffed, but absolutely ?brilliant with information. Ray Bradbury wrote Fahrenheit 451 during the McCarthy era, during which thousands of Americans were investigated for having Communist sympathies. Like the story line in Fahrenheit 451, neighbors and coworkers were encouraged to report on each other, and nothing more than a suspicion was often enough to begin an investigation. People were encouraged to testify against one another and the accused experienced loss of work, career loss and some even killed themselves. Bradbury vehemently denied that he was satirically commenting on McCarthy or government censorship. Instead, Bradbury insisted the book was written at the beginning of the television age and was a tale to warn society of how they could well reach to television as a sort of drug. Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury said, was a depiction of a society willfully dumbing itself down by staring at screens, stuffing its collective consciousness with useless factoids, empty ideas and throwaway reality. Bradburyrs thoughts were several decades before todayrs reality TV and celebrity driven media. Bradbury wrote about a future where technology drove people to block themselves from the world around them, disconnected from each other, and no longer valued books. Today you cannot go anywhere without observing people engrossed on their iPhones and not interacting with others or texting a person who is sitting across from or next to them. It is troubling that today there are television commercials having to remind parents to engage with their children by reading, talking and singing to them from a very early age to better prepare their kids for school. The commercial shows a parent engrossed on her cell phone and ignoring her child. Fahrenheit 451 argues in favor of literature and critical thinking and against censorship and blind conformity. In Fahrenheit 451 (168), it was noted that from a young age Bradbury was affected by accounts of the burning of the ancient library at Alexandria and the loss of many classical works that we now know only by title or through fragments of surviving parchment. Based on todayrs society, Bradburyrs prediction of a world without actual books is not too far off. Government budget cuts result in less support for public libraries and online books now replace actual books you can touch. Bradbury experienced opposition since Fahrenheit 451 was published in 1953, which is kind of funny that a book about banned books experienced censorship. In the ThoughtCo.com article written on August 4, 2018, it noted that one of Bradburyrs plays was sent to a university to be produced; however, the university had a co ncern that there were no female characters in the play. The university did not state any issues with the content of the play or the fact that there was a reason it featured only men. The play was not produced and was in effect censored because it did not want to offend a certain group at the school: women. In closing, censorship has been around for a long time and was a thought that preceded the United States Constitution; hence, the First Amendment. Censorship silences peoplers opinions, ideas and forces moral and ethical values on society. Some people believe censorship is a violation of their First Amendment right and others believe censorship is needed to protect peoplers well-being in a world filled with violence and abusive behavior. All media needs to have checks and balances to ensure the information being published is accurate so that people, and not the government, can choose to be exposed to the appropriate awareness of society, and the world in general, as it really exists and not like the dystopian world of Fahrenheit 451. Works Cited Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Simon Schuster, 1951, pp. xi, 55, 58, 79, 80, 102, 168. Print. Bradbury Still Believes in the Heat of Fahrenheit 451. Seattle Times, March 12, 1993. https://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930312slug=1689996 Chervokas, Jason, and Tom Watson. 50 Most Frequently Banned Books. New York Times, August 22, 1997. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/nation/082297nation-list.html China shuts down 4,000 websites in purge on improper values. British Broadcasting Corporation, 24 September 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45625278 CNN Files Suit Against Trump Administration. CNN, November 13, 2018. https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2018/11/13/cnn-files-suit-against-the-trump-administration/ Jerreat, Jessica. North Korean Censorship. Huffington Post, 04-25-2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/north-korean-censorship_us_58fe78afe4b086ce58981445 Kelly, Melissa. Censorship and Book Banning in America. ThoughtCo, Aug. 4, 2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/censorship-and-book-banning-in-america-6414 Kwon, K. J., and Ben Westcott. Jong Un has Executed Over 300 People Since Coming to Power. CNN, December 29, 2016. https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/29/asia/kim-jong-un-executions/index.html Lankov, Andrei. North Korean Censorship Blinds Not Just the People, But Also Their Rulers. Radio Free Asia, 2016-03-14 https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/censorship-03142016145646.html Miller, Vanessa. 59 Years of Commemorating Academic Freedom: The Legacy of ?Sweezy v. New Hampshire. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), June 17, 2016. https://www.thefire.org/59-years-of-commemorating-academic-freedom-the-legacy-of-sweezy-v-new-hampshire/ Nordland, Rod. From Orwell to ?Little Mermaid, Kuwait Steps Up Book Banning. New York Times, October 1, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/world/middleeast/kuwait-ban-books.html PEN America Sues President Trump for Violating Journalists First Amendment Rights. National Coalition Against Censorship. October 16, 2018. https://ncac.org/news/pen-america-sues-president-trump-for-violating-journalists-first-amendment-rights Review of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Rhapsody in Books, May 20, 2009. https://rhapsodyinbooks.wordpress.com/2009/05/20/review-of-%E2%80%9Cfahrenheit-451%E2%80%9D-by-ray-bradbury/ Report on Human Rights Abuses or Censorship in North Korea. US Department of State, July 6, 2016. https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/259366.htm Stelter, Brian, Marshall Cohen, David Shortell, and Jessica Schneider. Judge Orders White House to Return Jim Acostars Press Pass. CNN, November 16, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/16/media/cnn-trump-lawsuit-hearing/index.html Thomas Jefferson Quotes on Censorship. AZ Quotes. https://www.azquotes.com/author/7392-Thomas_Jefferson/tag/censorship United States Supreme Court Sweezy v. New Hampshire, Decided June 17, 1957. Case Law.Find Law. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/354/234.html Weller, Sam. Did Ray Bradbury do a 180 on ?Fahrenheit 451? Dallas News, April 12, 2013. https://www.dallasnews.com/arts/books/2018/11/08/20130412-sam-weller-ray-bradburys-180-on-fahrenheit-451 What you Didnt Know About Censorship in America. Censorsip.Laws.com. https://censorship.laws.com/censorship-in-america

Essay The Economic Theories of Milton Friedman - 795 Words

The Economic Theories of Milton Friedman Milton Friedman, like so many great life stories, was the product of a very tough childhood. He was son to a couple of poor immigrants, born on 31 July 1912, in New York, America. At the age of fifteen, Friedmans father died. Despite this, he won a scholarship to both Rutgers University and the University of Chicago, where he achieved a Bachelor of the Arts degree in economics. The very next year he received an MA at Chicago University. He then worked for the National Bureau of Economic Research (from 1937) while teaching at many universities, but it was only at Chicago in 1946 that he was given the title of professor of economics. Thirty years later, in 1976, he was awarded the Nobel Prize†¦show more content†¦Friedman argued however, that this intervention was destabilising, and that what was needed was a steady money flow to create a basic framework for the economy; the rest should be left up to individual competition. This school of thought goes along the lines of It is in the best interest of the producer to satisfy the consumers wishes. By doing this, they are also acting in their own interest, therefore competition is working to the benefit of the whole economy. In order for this competition to be present, there needs to be freedom of the individual. He boldly stated that this can only be created by minimal government regulation of the economy, which allows power to be concentrated and wielded by only a few individuals, rather than dispersed. After all, competition can only be present between companies that are on equal grounds in relation to the amount of power behind each. The controversy surrounding Friedmans views is that he promotes complete private ownership of nearly everything. He particularly supported private schools and thought that the government should subsidise fees for any school chosen by the parents, rather than providing government owned schools. 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Honor Pledge Adam Pierce - 2177 Words

Population Growth Adam Pierce USH CP-D Mr. Clay Cushman March 22, 2016 Honor Pledge: Adam Pierce Population Growth is an issue that exists in today’s world that needs to be confronted before it becomes out of hand. The population itself has reached overwhelming numbers making it a problem that could turn to be dangerous. The amount of humans that the earth can support or the carrying capacity is slowly rising but at a much slower rate than the population growth rate. The increasing growth rate has its negative effects environmentally, agriculturally, socially, and economically and also has its positive effects nationally, and economically. The government is brainstorming and trying to come up with ways to decrease†¦show more content†¦The first period was a very long period of time where the rate of population growth was very low. The second period was a shorter period of time that lasted up until about 1962 and it had a large increase in population growth. Finally the third period is the current period and it is where the population growth rate starts to decreas e. The decrease in the population growth rate is due to the improving living and health conditions. Another reason for the growth rate going down is that parents, families, and other people are becoming more aware of the increasing population and the dangers or hazards that it will bring. For many years it has been thought that the maximum human population would be determined by the amount of drinkable fresh water. Earth can only hold, manage, and support so many people. This is called carrying capacity. If we go over this carrying capacity it could cause worldwide issues with the environment along with many other issues. For example if the human population goes over the carrying capacity of the earth then problems like lack of clean drinkable water, lack of land that humans could live on or occupy, and lack of available jobs could become much more serious and have terrible effects on the system which everything works. There are many horrendous effects that come from population growth. One of the many major effects include decreasing amounts of available land. Another is the decreasing amount of essential natural resources. A part

Relationship Between Management and Leadership Free Essays

Strategic management refers to the coordination of material, human, financial and technological resources of an organisation to enable it and all its stakeholders to achieve their stipulated goals in an effectively and efficiently. Leadership is the process of organising, supporting and directing the individuals in an organisation with the aim of influencing them to work in pursuit of the goals and missions of an organisation. The two terms are inseparable and are therefore used interchangeably in strategic management. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Management and Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Strategic management and leadership are closely linked hence making it difficult to differentiate between the two. Strategic management involves proper planning, organisation of activities, controlling of the organisations activities so that the missions and goals can be met effectively and motivation of the employees and other stakeholders for the success of the organisation (Adeniyi 36). All these activities are impossible without a proper leadership in the organisation. The leaders are delegated with the duty of setting the goals of an organisation and making decisions on the best way of achieving them. They also organise the resources and staff group activities in the best way possible for proper performance. The leaders correct and monitor the activities going on in the organisation to ease the process of goal attainment. It is the duty of leaders to motivate the employees so that they can perform their duties with the interest of the organisation at heart. They make decision on the best leadership style to be implemented in the performance of the various activities so as to meet the expected results. Under strategic management the employees work just to comply with the goals directed by those in the authority. Although the employees achieve their expected goals, it is evidenced that majority of them comply externally and fail to internalise the goals into their own value system (Adeniyi 20). Leadership comes in at this point to ensure that the employees internalise the goals through enhancement of private acceptance which is achieved by increasing the willingness of the followers. The management can enhance this by electing leaders who are in close contact with the employees thus can easily influence them as they work. It is also possible to increase willingness by electing employee’s representatives who will attend the meetings on behalf of the other staff thus involving every individual in the process of decision making. Management and leadership have a variety of impacts on the strategic decisions made by the organisation. Proper management enables an organisation to become more efficient since it enhances the adoption of various forms of management skills that facilitate coordination, communication and participation of all the members at all levels of performance (Adeniyi 32). In majority of organisations the CEOs have adopted the management styles that magnanimously equip the employees with a wide range of information thus ensuring that all the stakeholders contribute effectively in the growth of the organisation. The leadership style plays a major role in the organisational behaviour and activities. Authoritarian leadership style is only effective when applied on a new employee since they are learning and have to follow certain directives. It is also beneficial when the managers have to make an emergency decision and has no time for consultations. Managers utilising participative leadership style are good strategic decision makers since it involves all the stakeholders in the process of decision making though the final decision is maintained by the authority. This leadership style helps in improving the performance since every individual makes the efforts to be informed, knowledgeable and skilful to compete effectively with the others as well as give viable suggestions which are of benefit to the entire organisation. Laissez faire leadership style has a positive impact in those organisations that emphasise on creativity, invention and innovation. This is because the leader gives directives of what ought to be done and the employees take the initiative of analysing the situation and make a decision on what ought to be done and the way to do it. This type of leadership is important in identification of potential future leaders since some tasks require the workers to work together to achieve the set targets. A leader among the workers can be identified by fellow workmates to ensure that the entire task is completed effectively. According to Lussier Achua (79) proper management and utilisation of the right leadership styles have a great contribution in self motivation and embracing change. Self motivation is essential in the growth of an organisation since it enables the workers with dependency personality to be inspired so that they can effectively work with the independent minded workers for the benefit of the organisation. Self motivated workers embrace creativity, invention and innovation since they focus on meeting their goals other than putting emphasis on reward and recognition. The level of technology is changing drastically and all the organisations have to respond positively to these changes for good performance. This is achieved through proper management and leadership strategies which offer training to employees thus equipping them with the necessary information required in achievement of their goals. Although autocratic leadership is not the best in management, there are certain situations in which it can be utilised effectively. It can be used when training new employees so that they can know the procedures to follow, when the organisation is under pressure to produce large volumes, when the time for decision making is limited, when an employee attempts to challenge the authority unnecessarily and also in poorly managed departments (Lussier Achua 111). The managers have to utilise their power without consulting and even use punishments in these situations for effective running of the business. Bureaucratic leadership style can also be used when everything in the organisation must be carried out in accordance with a certain policy or procedure such as in the police force. It is effective if the organisation performs tasks by following a certain routine over and over again, if they have to meet certain standards, if the employees are using delicate and dangerous equipments which have a strict procedure of operation and also in tasks that involve handling cash. Banks, police force, security firms and micro finance institutions are a good example of those firms that have to employ bureaucratic style for proper performance Democratic leadership is essential if the employees have to be at par with the issues affecting their work and if they are delegated with the responsibilities of problem solving and decision making. It should be applied if it is essential for the employees to be informed on the matters affecting the business, if the leader wants to share the problem solving duty with employees, if the problem at hand requires lots of input for a solution to be obtained, when one wants to encourage team building and when the managers intend to change their ways of operation. This style can be applied in a manufacturing firm that intends to improve on quality of the product. Another common style is the laissez faire leadership. It is adopted in those companies that have creative, inventive and innovative individuals who enjoy working with full freedom and are delegated with the duty of making decisions, determine goals and solve the problems by themselves. It is effective in organisations with highly educated, experienced and skilled employees, if the employees are committed to their work and have self motivation which enables them to successively run their errands. It can be employed by managers with trustworthy employees or when working with experts and specialists hired from outside to (Lussier Achua 78). Proper strategic management goes hand in hand with the leadership style applied by an individual. For an organisation to successfully meet its goals, the managers have to employ the right leadership styles so as to enhance the employee’s self motivation. The various leadership styles should be applied in the right situations to avoid conflicts, immature resignations, absenteeism and other irresponsible behaviours by the employees. How to cite Relationship Between Management and Leadership, Papers

Stereotyping and Ethical Business Management

Question: Discuss about the Stereotyping and Ethical Business Management. Answer: Introduction Stereotyping is coming out as one of the most serious point of concern and debate in present scenario. There are several notions, beliefs and thoughts associated with the stereotyping aspect. The primary purpose of this essay is to analyze and critically evaluate the aspect of stereotyping in terms of organizations and categorical thinking. Stereotyping can be understood as the suppositions and the assumptions which have been developed regarding a group of individuals. The similar sets of assumptions are then applied over each member of that particular group irrespective of the individualsbehavior, traits and characteristics. It is a set notion that stereotyping is a negative factor but with the change in time there are both negative and positive implications of stereotyping (Inzlicht and Schmader, 2012). It can be assumed as neutral too. The outcomes of both negative as well as positive can be unsafe in nature. In an organization there are several implications and the outcomes which are the result of these positive as well as negative stereotyping factors prevailing at the workplace. The essay will critically evaluate all those positive as well as negative effects of stereotyping on the employees as well as also highlights various strategies which can be used to prevent stereotype behavior to take place in an organization.The essay will also highlight the various negative impacts of the cultural stereotypes which an organization has to experience. The essay concludes with an overall analysis of the various aspects of stereotyping and its effects at the workplace (Colquitt, Lepine and Wesson, 2011). Stereotyping: Categorical Thinking Its a human notion that individuals develop a set of characteristics, a mind-set because of the continuous interaction they have with some group. These developments of assumption which can be either true or false are regarded as stereotyping. Individuals do not have a concern with the behavior and a trait of an individual rather the group behavior depicts the lifestyle and traits of that individual (Heilman, 2012).A stereotype is a distorted fact or an embellished image or belief of a group or an individual. This is a categorical thinking which is a generalization which agrees for very few or no separate differences or any social disparity. The stereotypes are grounded over the images in social and mass media or it can also be based upon the reputations or characters passed on by society members, peers or parents (Kulik and Olekalns, 2012). Though stereotyping is vague and inaccurate, it is an effective manner to psychologically organize huge blocks of info. Categorization or categorical thinking is a vital human ability because it allows individuals to organize, predict and simplify the world. Once the individuals have been organized or sorted into various small categories then its a human notion to ignore processing unexpected and new information regarding any person (Kunze, Boehm and Bruch, 2013).Assigning of characteristics of a general group over the members of that respective group saves a lot of time and fulfills the requirement to assume the social world in an overall sense. The stereotypes can occur in various forms such as career, income group, body type, religion, ethnicity, age, race, language, gender and various other forms. Biasness is considered as the primary outcome of stereotype. There is a sense of biasness which occurs because of the various characteristics an individual develops for a group (Cunning ham and Macrae, 2011). There are several negative impacts of stereotype such as legal tension, bad working associations, low morale, abuse and mistreatment. The first negative impact of stereotyping in an organization is that it creates legal tension in the organizations. It is the assumption that an individual who is impacted by the discriminatory behavior can get the person sue for his act of discrimination. It creates a number of tensions in the organization because of the various unfair treatment and practices because of stereotyping (Goc?owska, Crisp and Labuschagne, 2012).In an organization where collaboration and the teamwork are two major factors of working then stereotype creates a number of problems in the organization. The employees who take decisions based upon stereotype behavior instead of the trust in the skills and potential of the coworkers obstruct group efficiency and progress. In teamwork, its the negative impact of stereotyping which restricts an employee or an individual from requesti ng for guidance and support to a specific employee (Koveshnikov, Vaara and Ehrnrooth, 2016).For example, if a male employee possess a stereotype impact that women are not much efficient in working. As an impact of which the male employee will not ask for any help or support in the team work. Another negative implication is low morale. It is one of the general difficulties with stereotyping that it causes low morale for the group or for the individual or the overall organization by making it toxic with negativity and low morale. The employees who experience regular negative results, criticisms and comments from stereotyping can result into lose morale and motivation in the job role. There can be negative impacts of low morale over the other departments and the workers who are even not indulged with stereotyping behaviors and norms (Koch, DMello, and Sackett, 2015). Hence the low production is also one of the negative influences of the toxic morale developed in the organizations because of stereotyping. Another negative implication of stereotyping is abuse and mistreatment. It is one of the facts of stereotype that if an individual is indulged in stereotyping than it is more likely to involve others also in stereotyping. And as a result there will be mistreatment or abuse at the workplace. The stereotype employees have set and perceived beliefs about the individuals and because of which there are continuous actions and comments. The stereotype results into negative behavior for the employees who show mistreatment and abuse for the other employees (Stoker, Van der Velde and Lammers, 2012). There are various cultural stereotypes which exist in the society which results into several negative outcomes at the workplace. The cultural stereotypes can be better explained with an example, there is a set belief that which has been developed because of the cultural stereotypes that Italians are expressive, Americans are innovative and Chinese are diligent. This is one of the basic example of cultural stereotypes. But these stereotyping behaviors develop number of difficulties at workplaces. There are various problems at workplace such as improper way of categorizing groups and people, wrong decisions because of incomplete and false information and improper judgments (Bal, et al., 2011).This type of cultural stereotypes restricts the capability of the management to have the utmost and effective use of the employees and their respective skills and potential. As well as there does not takes place any kind of skill development in the workforce. The productivity as well as the morale of the employees is negatively impacted with such stereotype attitude. If in any organization the higher authorities possess stereotype behavior and they only determine that in what manner the individual must be treated then it creates difficulty for the employees. As a result the employees are morelikely to leave the organization. The negative outcomes of stereotypes are the reduced revenues, highly dissatisfied customers and the decreased productivity of the organization. There is also hindering of the teamwork as well as smooth flow of communication among the employees which ultimately gives rise to conflicts (Davies and Chun, 2012).The problems in the organization are even not resolved because of the communication gaps which has been arise because of the various stereotype behaviors existing at the workplace. There are various types of signs and symbols which represents that there is high stereotyping present at the workplace such as biasness regarding the employee perception, lack of opportunities for the employees to achieve success and growth, poor employees performance, high absenteeism and increase employee turnover. All theseare the major signs which depicts that there is a need to change the stereotyping behavior prevailing in the organization among various departments (von Hippel, Kalokerinos and Henry, 2013).In an organization which is highly centralized and where there is autonomy in decision making there are more chances of existing stereotype behaviors as the employees are chosen as per the stereotype norms of the higher authorities. The stereotype effects are not the one which is permanent in nature. With the change in the situations and the circumstancesthe stereotype behavior also gets change. It can be changes from negative to positive or positive to negative. The implications also get diversify with the change in the stereotype behavior. As the group of individuals split or there is addition of other individuals in a group then there are high chances that there will bechange in the beliefs and behavior of stereotype. There are several things which keep on changing with time, for example earlier there was a stereotype thinking that women cannot be said as good entrepreneurs or they cannot manage businesses. But this stereotyping thinking has been changed completely from almost a decade or two (Saul, 2013). There are several organizations which are run by women as well as in almost all the fields, women power has been recognized whether its sports, business management, technology or any other field. Thus it is one of the biggest examples which can prove that stereotype behavior existing in organization or in the societies can be changed with time and various other efforts. Each coin has two different sides similarly stereotyping also possess both positive as well as negative outcomes. Extensive number of theorists have analyzedand discussed the negativeimplications of stereotyping at the workplace but with a broader scenario there are some positive impacts also. For example the positive implications from cultural perspective can be understood as the Americans-Africans are generally regarded as great athletes. It is a set perception which has been developed because of the various past situations and categorical thinking. In an organization the positive stereotype can be explained as one of the setbelief for the employees of the organization. If at any workplace one of the organizational team has been recognized as an efficientand highly skilled individual. Thus in a situation of failure of error that team will not have much impact as the stereotype perception for that team is always been good and positive. Thus it will act as a motivation for the team t o achieve success very next time (Shih, Young, and Bucher, 2013).Thus there are several results of positive stereotype behavior such as increased productivity, higher retention rate, improved employee engagement, smooth communication, effective working, and higher morale and up surge organizational revenues.Positive stereotypes also have several other benefits which impact the organizations and the employees performance. The one major impact of positive stereotyping is that the positive stereotypes help in improving the negativeimpression of the other individuals or employees of another group. One positive perception regarding any group forces another group to have a similar perception for that team or group of employees (Kalokerinos, von Hippel and Zacher, 2014). Thus there develops improved associations among the employees as a result of positive stereotype behavior at the workplace. In an organization the stereotype behavior can be managed or controlled if there is an effective management and human resource department. Employee management is one of the major aspects which decreases and manages the stereotyping behavior at workplace. If the employees have been recruited with adequate equity and without having any set perception regarding the individuals there will always be selection of the most effective and efficient talent in the organization (Ellemers, et al., 2012). There are several ways and strategies which can help the organizations to prevent them from stereotype behavior. The first strategy or approach which can be used is setting up of guidelines related to workplace conflicts. For this the organization can have an open forumdiscussion by which the employees can have a direct communication with their coworkers related to any workplace issue or difficulty they are experiencing. This will help in reducing the difficulties and making a much better place to work with decreased number or workplace conflicts (Fiske, 2012).The second strategy which the organizations can implement is training the managers to act as mediators. There are organizations where there is ignorance from the management side towards the issues of the employees. The employees are required to deal with their conflicts on their own. But to avoid and prevent organization from developing stereotype behavior it is required that the manger must act as themediators and strive hard to solve the workplace issues and conflictsfromtheir end (Vinkenburg, et al., 2011).The negotiation skills of the managers will help in resolving the issue in a much faster manner which will ultimately help the employees to regain their focus for their respective work and put their efforts to achieve the organizational goals. The third most important strategy for preventing stereotyping is elimination of the gender biasness at the workplace. The gender biasness can be in terms of providing opportunities to the male and the female employees to achieve growth, resolution of the conflicts or assigning leadership. The managers are required to get additional trainings to avoid such stereotype thinking and provide equal opportunities to the women employees to work and achieve growth. Another strategy to avoid stereotype behavior at the workplace is clarification of the priorities. There are various issues and stereotype behavior exists in the organization because of the fact that there is miscommunication among the employees. There must be adequate flow of communication so that there does not exist any point of confusion regarding the priorities and the deadlines of each and every employee (Lee, Kim and Vohs, 2011). Conclusion Stereotyping is one of the highly concerned subjects in organizations, societies as well as at the global level. The stereotype behavioris one of the biggest difficultieswhich are arising at the workplace. The essay concludes that there are several implications of stereotype behavior. These stereotypes can be either positive or negative in nature. There are maximum numbers of the organization which experience negative implication of stereotype such as the employee turnover rate keeps on increasing, decreasing revenues as well as ineffectiveness in the employee working. But these stereotype behaviors can be controlled and managed with appropriate strategies such as clarifying priorities, reducing gender biasness, implementing several guidelines for handling the workplace conflicts and when the managers act as the mentors in the organization. All these strategies with several positive perceptions regarding the individuals and the groups the organization can have an improved and better workplace with reduced or no stereotype behavior. Thus from the overall essay it can be conclude that stereotype is a big concern for the societies as well as for the organization but if the organization took adequate steps and take use of strategies then the negative implications of stereotyping can be prevented from restricting the success of the organization. References Bal, A.C., Reiss, A.E., Rudolph, C.W. and Baltes, B.B., 2011. Examining positive and negative perceptions of older workers: A meta-analysis.The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, p.gbr056. Colquitt, J., Lepine, J.A. and Wesson, M.J., 2011.Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Cunningham, S.J. and Macrae, C.N., 2011. 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